Truck Deal And Health Technology Transfer In Developing Countries: A Case Study Of Poor Management In Public Health Systems In Developing Countries.
CASE STIDIES
Aboubakar YARI1; Venus YARI1: And Myra YARI2
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Affiliations:
- Biotech tropicana,IncHEALTH
- Marketing Body, Biotech tropicana Corporation
UNDER FORMATING
Abstract:
Poor management in public health systems may incur lost of health benefits for the patients and lost in development gains for the country. Here, we discuss the Biotech tropicana Systems solutions approaches to selected scenarios of poor management in three developing countries: Benin republic, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast.
Keywords: Poor Management: Public Health System: Resource Poor Countries:
Background:
The Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic disease requiring long term monitoring. Numerous studies have established a link between AIDS and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Chemotherapy based treatment aiming to inhibit HIV replication exists (ARV). However the virus will evolve by mutation and develop resistance and continued replication in the presence of ARVs. Biotechnology based tests have been developed to determine patterns of mutations conferring resistance to a given, generally three drugs regimens. Analysis of the patterns of mutation may help in decision making to switch from a combination of three drugs against which the virus is resistant to another combination of three drugs for which the virus is sensitive: to further hinder virus replication. Drug resistance testing is a complex and expensive operation that may cost up to $500 USD per test. Cost and complexity have limited availability of HIV drug resistance in the resource poor countries. To make HIV drug resistance testing available to patients in the resource poor countries, the Biotech tropicana Systems developed an HIV drug resistance testing system that is of reduced complexity and cost: SMARThivDRmos. [3] Applying systems developed by other companies, we also developed a protocol suitable for surveying profile of HIV drug resistance in populations of Benin republic, a resource poor country..
The WHO guidelines: 1,,2,3
Step 1: Conduct a population based survey of resistant strains of the HIV virus circulating in a country
Step2: Establish pilot sites for free donation of ARVs to patients
Step 3: Scale up
Ref: WHO 3 by5 aiming to place 3 millions patients on ARV by 2005.
Benin republic Implementation program (x,2,3)
WHO step 1 initiated but not completed.
WHO step 2 executed.
WHO step implantation in progress. Benin republic recently expanded step 3 capacity through acquisition of drug distribution trucks.
Implemented step 2and step 3, without step 1 ( x, 2,3)
Biotech tropicana Systems Solution Approach (3, 2, 1):
The Biotech tropicana Systems is developing an individual centred three tests that is complexity free and affordable enough to overcome the resource and expertise barriers to permit its widespread implementation in the resource poor settings. Our program is designed to operate through the private sector, to be aid free and paid for by the patients. An implementation model designed by the Biotech tropicana Systems predicts that implementation of our program would generate byproduct data sufficient to establish a drug resistance profile of host country (drug resistance map). Such a profile could be applied to address the limitations arising from skipping WHO step 1 in the public sector program: in a 321 backward analysis.
Technology Transfer: The Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast Health technology Transfer Scenarios. (Reference 2)
From ethical sub standard to unethical no standard at all to pseudo standard. The introduction of real time PCR technology , not adapted to resource poor settings, not only failed to resolve the rich country versus poor countries ethical challenge but also introduce additional in country big city versus remote areas ethical challenges: in violation of the WHO health donation guidelines. Real time PCR technology demonstrated positive impact in country of origin, France, but produced negative impact in the resource poor settings: a demo of differential context impact. The technology transfer scenario above was is good example of bad transfer transfer in violation of the WHO health technology donation guidelines. Not every donation is a good donation.[2]
Discussion:
The need to comply with guidelines to maximize program impact on development gains: The Benin republic . (Guideline violation by aid recipient, reference 1).
Without a profile of drug resistance strains of HIV circulating in the country, drugs are purchased and applied blindly. Patients may be given drugs for which the strain of HIV the patient is harbouring is resistant. In this scenario the drug will act as a selective pressure that will select for the resistant strain and negate any health benefits for the patient. In this scenario, the patient is better off without the drug. Availability of a drug resistance profile for a given country may help in decision making process in drug purchase. Drugs against which there is a high frequency of resistant strain within that population should be purchased. Alternative drugs should be considered. The WHO step 1 survey would help in decision making for drug purchase in resource poor countries, where cost and complexity of drug resistant test on individual basis is not attainable because of scarcity of resources and expertise. In rich countries each patient is tested for drug resistance before administration of a combination of drugs. The World Health Organization recommends a population based survey of drug resistance for poor countries. The Benin republic implementation approach failed to comply with the WHO step 1, thereby substantially reducing health benefits for the patients and development gains for the country. [1]
The Biotech tropicana Systems private implementation program of HIV drug resistance surveillance for developing countries is designed to correct the deficiencies such as the Benin republic public implementation approach. Our paid individual centred HIV drug resistance testing program will generate sufficient data to establish a drug resistance profile (drug resistance map) for the host country. Such a resistance profile may be applied to improve public program for a fee to recover our investment toward data generation and analysis; and re-investment toward new technologies to advance health in developing countries, consistent with the pro life pro development policy 33 of the Biotech tropicana Systems. The Biotech tropicana Systems are designed to make profit by improving lives.
The need to comply with guidelines to maximize program impact on development gains: The Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast Transfer of Real Time PCR Technology .(Guideline violation by aid donor, reference 2).
A classical technology transfer problem in developing country is the transfer of technology that demonstrated a positive impact in one context into areas of different context where in most cases, the technology transfer will produce a reversed negative impact. The Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast transfer of real time PCR technology well adapted to the settings of origin, France., a country of abundant resources and expertise, but nt adapted to Burkina Faso or Ivory Coast, two countries of limited resources and expertise.
Biotech tropicana Systems Solution Approach:
Conduct explorations and data collections in the resource poor settings to include the specific needs of these settings in technology development programs at the primary level of design and innovation, and higher levels of technology development and implementation. Numerous system technologies designed in line with the biotech tropicana systems internal guidelines for adaption to the resource poor settings are at advanced stages of development, and the Biotech tropicana Systems incubator in Kandi, Benin republic, African Union is by now incubating over 100 processes and system technologies at different levels of development. For marketing purpose demos of over 20 of these technologies have been released and available through the website of the Biotech tropicana Systems.
Analysis:
- Classical pattern of poor management:
The rich has more resources save more and waste less, and become richer and richer
The poor has less resources, save less, waste more, and become poorer and poorer.
The Benin republic drug distribution program, and the Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast technology transfer programs are classical examples of waste of limited resources in poor countries.
The Benin republic drug distribution program violates World Health Organization guidelines 1,2,3 to x, 2,3. As a result of the violation expensive drugs acquired with aid money are being wasted with reduced health benefits and generation of new additional health challenges in the form of propagation of resistance in the population. The Benin republic generated resistance may propagate to other countries that are respecting guidelines. The Biotech tropicana Systems solution approach would correct the x,2,3 violation into 3.2.1 to reverse the waste and other indirect damages.
The Burkina Faso and the Ivory Coast blind adoption of a French solution that is not adapted to the context of the two African countries create new additional health challenges without resolving the primary health challenge at issue. Transfer of expensive and complex real time PCR technology is not suitable to these African settings with limited resources and expertise. The real time PCR system was implementable only in selected big cities and not in remote areas. The real time PCR system failed to correct the ethical challenge in differential guidelines between rich and poor countries. Instead the unfit system technology created additional in country ethical challenge between populations in big cities and populations in remotes areas. Large amounts of fund and time were invested to create new problems without resolving the primary. The well adapted system technologies made in the Biotech tropicana Systems are designed to resolve the primary health challenge with less than 10% 0f the resources wasted without creating additional health challenges. Investigations by Bioteh tropicana,IncFORENSICS showed that in all cases in Benin republic, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast wrong political solutions are imposed to bypass good scientific solutions to scientific challenges: to create more trouble without out resolving primary problems the local populations face.
- Why many developing countries are not emerging after more than 50 years of implementation of development programs.
Poor management is more harmful to development than lack of resources. Failure to keep pace with core sustainable development principles such as compliance with expert panel set guidelines keep these countries into doing the same thing over and over. By violating guidelines, they solve a small problem by creating a bigger one. Time and resources will be invested in solving the bigger problem, just to create another more complex problem. They turn around 50 years always working but going no where forward. In line with this development trend, they will be going no where in 100 years. Sustainable development is mathematics with clear cut rules. You violate the rules, you stick. Bad iaid is designed to get these countries into violations of core development rules that keep these countries under domination by the bad aid donor. Such bad aid strategies have no chance in the Biotech tropicana Systems that master core development principles better than the bad aid donor. We urge them to keep their bad aid tricks with their partners who voluntary accept bad aid without any effort.
Development Trend Score Board:
- Violation of panel set guideline: -1
- Lost in health infrastructure: -1
- Lost in competence transfer: -1
- Lost in health benefit for the patient: -1
Total:-4
Correction:
Trends a, b, c incumbent to former government for a total of -3. Then Score is corrected to -4 –(-3)= -1
Score on date for current government: -4.
Conclusion:
We discussed selective scenarios of po6r management in the public health system in three developing countries: Benin republic, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast. The Biotech tropicana Systems then propose solution approaches.
References:
[1] World Health Organization; Scaling Up Antiretroviral Therapy In Resource Limited Settings at http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/prev_care/en/ScalingUp_E.pdf
[1] World Health Organization: Guidelines For Health Care Equipment Donations at http://www.who.int/medical_devices/publications/en/Donation_Guidelines.pdf
[1] Yari et al; SMARThivDRmos at http://ispub.com/IJMT/4/1/13451
Biotech tropicana Systems:
The Biotech tropicana,IncHEALTH unit has training programs for medical surgeons in developing countries.
The Biotech tropicana,IncHEALTH unit also has technical assistance programs for public institutions in developing countries.
The new external collaboration law enacted by the legislative branch in Benin republic is in line with the previously Biotech tropicana Systems collaboration framework.
Biotech tropicana Systems: A place for everyone with a good moral character, in a globalizing world.
Aboubakar YARI & Venus YARI
For The Biotech tropicana Systems
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