UNDER FORMATING
Standardized Test, Reasoning, and Success In Scientific Career. A Comparative Analysis Of Admission Processes In Biotech tropicana,IncEDUCATIONAL Vesrus Universite Abomey Calavi.
GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT
Aboubakar YARI1; Venus YARI1: and Myra YARI2
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Affiliations:
- Biotech tropicana,IncEDUCATIONAL
- Marketing Body, Biotech tropicana Corporation
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Abstract:
“We will fight for a better educational environment for all students in all institutions of higher education in Benin republic”. This paper was inspired by the statement above from the head of student union of the Universite Abomey Calavi, an institution of higher education in Benin republic. In his statement the student made a reasoning error in translating if A then SA into if SA then SB, SC, and SD: where B, C, and D are governed by factors fBCD other than factor fA governing A. A context addressed by standardized tests in admission processes. The student’s statement above demonstrated a clear cut reasoning error that holds the potential to worsen educational environment for many students in Benin republic. Biotech tropicana,InEDUCATIONAL is a higher education program incubated under incubation in the Biotech tropicana Systems. An admission process is under development for Biotech tropicana,InEDUCATIONA, including standardized tests. Standardized tests are not included in the admission package of many institutions of higher education in Benin republic, including Universite Abomey Calavi. Here, we conducted a comparative analysis of admission packages between Biotech tropicana,InEDUCATIONAL and the Benin republic university system. Our analysis supports the inclusion of Standardized tests in the admission package of Biotech tropicana,InEDUCATIONAL.
Keywords: Standardized Tests: Abstract Reasoning: Admission Package: Higher Education:
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Background;
Standardized tests are field of study independent examinations designed to test a student’ ‘s ability to reason with numbers, words, and images. The test developers reason that a student that develops such abilities is likely to succeed in a field specific academic curriculum by applying those reasoning abilities. The authors agree and the Biotech tropicaba Systems made standardized tests mandatory in the admission process in the Biotech tropicana,IncEDUCATIONAL incubator program.
- of an academic department of Universite Abomey Calavi in Benin republic have a problem A, They are fighting for a solution SA. In a radio statement the hrad of the student body proposed to expand solution SA to other academic institutions nationwide. The reasoning of the student assumes that solution SA in the specific department of Universite Abomey Calavi is expendable to other academic institutions. We disagree. We argue that SA is not expendable to even other departments with the same University. The student did not establish that other departments within Universite Abomey Calavi have the sane problem A. Other departments may have problems B, C, or D. Expansion of SA into a B environment may even worsen the educational environment. This type of reasoning error is common in Benin republic even beyond the academic environment and expressed in career fields as an inability to create solutions to their problems through reasoning. Inability to create solutions to their problems, make them dependent on solutions created by others. In face of problem they demonstrate a tendency to seek for aid solutions crated by others, often foreign solutions to local problems. When they can, they will steal solutions created others either using malicious tactics or force. We conclude that educational systems in Benin republic needs to be reviewed to emphasize the development of local solutions creating abilities to local problems. Standardized tests have demonstrated their ability to select for reasoning abilities and the Biotech tropicana,IncEDUCATIONAL incubator program made standardized tests mandatory in its admission process. ,
Admission process in higher educational institutions
Biotech tropicana,IncEDUCATIONAL is a unit of the Biotech tropicana,IncGROUP aiming to develop a higher education system focused on building technological innovation capacity for the developing world. Like many other units of the Biotech tropicana,IncGROUP, Biotech tropicana,InEDUCATIONAL is supervised by the Biotech tropicana incubator system, under der article 8}1}b of the constitution of the Biotech tropicana Systems. We included standardized tests in the admission process to Biotech tropicana,InEDUCATIONAL. We adopted the standardized tests administered on a global scale by the Educational Testing Services, in New Jersey, USA, as a mandatory prerequisite in the admission process.
Discussion:
Reasoning with numbers, words, and images was proven very effective in making landmark discoveries in scientific investigation at low cost.
Reasoning with image and the discovery of antibiotics
Fungi colonized bacterial culture plates that were not properly covered and created inhibition zones. (image) No inhibition zone was shown in culture plates that were properly covered.
If THEN reasoning:
IF fungi kill bacteria in plates that were not properly covered
THEN
the fungi must have secreted a substance that kills bacteria: ANTIBIOTICS.
NOTE:
The discovery of antibiotics. United Kingdom.
Reasoning and the elucidation of the structure of DNA:
Molecules having an helical shape appears as an X in X-ray pictures.
IF THEN reasoning:
IF
Franklin’s X-ray picture of DNA appears as an X
THEN
DNA must have an helical shape. Indeed, experimentall data confirmed that DNA is a double helix.
NOTE:
See the discovery of DNA structure. Cavendish Laboratory. United Kingdom.
Reasoning and the innovation of the SMARThivPACK: A local solution to a problem applying reasoning abilities.
IF
the three CD4,viral load, and drug resistance tests recommended as international standard could be performed on a single low cost elisa plate reader
THEN
The three tests would be affordable enough to permit its widespread implementation in the resource poor settings.
Limitations:
The three tests when performed on elisa plate reader showed decreased sensitivity and specificity compared to the same using standard technologies.
Solutions:
When two, viral load and drug resistance tests are performed using PCR technology, the result output showed better sensitivity and specificity than the same using standard technologies.
IF
PCR technology showed better sensitivity and specificity than the standard technologies
THEN
the sensitivity and specificity of SMARThivPACK may be improved above the standard protocols by adding a low cost PCR machine to the elisa plate.
Limitations:
THEN
What’s about the third CD4 counting test that is not applicable to PCR?
Solution:
Fiscus et al: improved sensitivity of the viral load test by modifying manufacturer’s protocol using elisa plate reader (SMARThivVLmos)
Oka et al: improved sensitivity and specificity of CD4 counting by modifying manufacturer’s protocol using equipment other than the elisa plate
IF
test sensitivity and specificity can be improved by modifying manufacturer’s protocol
THEN
the sensitivity and specificity of elisa plate dependent capcellia CD4 counting technology may be improved by modifying manufacturer’s protocol (SMARThivCD4mos).
BINGO:
We put together a three tests combo kit that complied with the international standard: Yet simple and affordable enough to permit its widespread implementation in the resource poor settings. (SMARThivPACK).
Interestingly, our simple and affordable SMARThivPACK demonstrated better sensitivity and specificity than the standard technologies that are complex and expensive.
We won the standard race in clinical monitoring of HIV patients in the developing world and gave the Biotech tropicana Systems a substantial competitive edge in the developing world Biotech market.
Limitations:
Time for hands on work applying SMARThivPACK is longer than the standard technologies.
Solution:
Automation. See SMARThivPACK, version 2. NOT released.
NOTE:
SMARThivPACK is a product of the Biotech tropicana,IncLIFE STORES. Made in the Biotech tropicana Systems.
Analysis:
Why standardized and abstract reasoning should be emphasized in higher educational systems in developing countries?
Scarcity of resources to fund expensive research projects is characteristic of developing countries. Then scientists in developing countries should emphasize alternative affordable research approaches. Abstract reasoning on available scientific data to address local issues should be emphasized. Low cost deductive reasoning in scientific investigation is applied even in advanced research institutions with sufficient availability of research grants. See the discovery of the structure of DNA by applying low cost deductive reasoning and modelling at Cavendish laboratory in the United Kingdom by Francis Crick and James Watson. [x]
Incubators programs of the Biotech tropicana Systems to free of aid. Programs operating in Benin republic have experienced serious disturbances from aid programs. We develop and apply with a degree of satisfactory results forensics, litigation, and security capacities to protect our programs from aid seekers. Our analysis suggests that the best protection we can secure is to help those peoples develop the abilities to create solutions to their problems and free them from chronic dependency on aid. We initiated the Biotechnology Development Fund, a financial and technical assistance program of the Biotech tropicana Systems donated to the resource settings.
Conclusion:
We conclude that standardized tests may help select for reasoning abilities and local solution creation to local problems and promote development of the resource poor settings.
References:
APPENDIX:
Biotech tropicana Systems: World Leader In Biotechnology For The Developing World
Ethics the advancement of mankind in scientific research requires that time and resources to be invested toward new discoveries for the advancement of mankind. Times and resources shall not be invested to re-investigate a scientific knowledge that was established by previous research work. The Biotech tropicana Systems strictly adhere to ethical guidelines in internal research activities. Our SMARThivPACK advanced the Capcelia technology with SMARThivCD4mos protocol. Capcelia is owned by a French company. TRAx is another technology owned by Belgium Company built on the same principles as the Capcelia technology. Both Capcelia and TRAx count CD4 cells using elisa plate reader. The World Health Organization rejected both technologies as obsolete and not implementable in developing countries. The two systems suffer low and inconsistent sensitivity and specificity. The Biotech tropicana Systems selected the Capcelia and TRAx technologies from the World Health Organization collection of obsolete technologies. We choose the two systems for their reliance on elisa plate reader that we applied for viral load measurement and drug resistance testing, in our SMARThivPACK system. The International Medical Center of Japan developed a method fro improving sensitivity and specificity while reducing and complexity for CD4 counting, definitively eliminating the Capcelia and the TRAx technologies. However, the Japanese technology used equipments other than elisa plate reader. Inclusion of the Japanese technology in our SMAThivPACK system would raise equipment cost for the resource poor setting. Our SMARThivPACK aims to reduce cost by using a single elisa plate reader equipent for the three tests. We therefore choose the World Health Organization declassified as obsolete Capcelia technology for advancement for its reliance on elisa plate reader. Appling the methods developed at the International Medical Center of Japan, our SMARThivCD4mos achieved better sensitivity and specificity while reducing cost and complexity on the elisa plate reader. The Biotech tropicana Systems SMARThivPACK became the most advanced and better qualified system technology in the world for clinical monitoring of HIV patients in developing countries. Our SMARThivPACK is built in compliance with criteria for cost, complexity, sensitivity and, specificity as set by the International AIS Society. Furthermore, our SMARThivPACK system permits the application of the tests standard in developing countries as recommended by the USA panel of the International AIDS society for developed countries. SMARThivPACK achieved equity in standard for rich and poor patients, in compliance with recommendations of the International AIDS Society. The Biotech tropicana Systems SMARThivPACK is definitively the most advanced and better adapted system technology for clinical monitoring of HIV patients in developing countries.
To be consistent with ethical guidelines in scientific research the owners of Capceliaor TRAx will have to negotiate with the Biotech ropicana Systems for the re-implementation of elisa plate based CD4 counting using their hardware platform for some fees paid to them by the Biotech tropicana Systems. Alternatively, the Biotech tropicana Systems must develop own elisa plate based hardware platform with same functions.
Cost Advantage:
- major advancement introduced by the Biotech tropicana Systems three tests combo kit is the cost advantage. The cost of the three tests is set within the cost range of common diagnostic tests in developing countries based on exploratory data collected in numerous hospital based diagnostic units. The objective behind overcoming the cost challenge is to permit the patients to take control of their destiny by purchasing the kits with their own resources, in the Biotech tropcana,IncLIFE STORES, free from aid. Freedom from complex aid programs not understood by many beneficiaries will place the patients in control of choice between various programs< a context that would be advantageous also for governments. Aid money may be diverted toward long term program improvement objectives.
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