Biotech tropicana Journal: (1):(6):5, 2016 - My articles - Publisher

Development Forum:

A Biotech tropicana,IncCOMMUNICATOR program updated with CONCEPT NOTES of synthesis of key development concepts from development experts.

Powered by AboubakarYARI & Venus YARI

Myra YARI, Marketing Coordinator.

[1] Sachs et al; UN Millennium Project. 2005. Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals. New York.

[2] Juma et al; UN Millennium Project 2005. Innovation: Applying Knowledge in Development. Task Force on Science, Technology, and Innovation.

[3] “Juma, C. and Serageldin, I. (Lead Authors) (2007). ‘Freedom to Innovate: Biotechnology in Africa’s Development’, A report of the High-Level African Panel on Modern Biotechnology. African Union (AU) and New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). Addis Ababa and Pretoria.”

Scientific and Technological Innovation as a Driver for Development of the Resource Poor Settings.

Securing freedom from chronic dependency on foreign aid with scientific and technological Innovation: The Biotech tropicana Systems Approach.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

According to Sachs et al’ “The long-term driving force of modern economic growth has been science based technological advance. Without modern technologies, the world would still be where it was centuries ago, with people at the edge of survival, always pressing on the margins of available food supply. Technologies allow human society to fight disease, to raise crop production, to mobilize new sources of energy, to disseminate information, to transport people and goods with greater speed and safety, to limit family size, and much more. Yet these technologies are not free. They are themselves the fruits of enormous social investments in education, scientific discovery, and targeted technological development to strengthen national systems of innovation.

Governments play an important role in promoting the application of science and technology.

To enable all countries to achieve the MDGs, the world must treat them not as abstract ambitions but as practical policy objectives. The Goals are essential for transparency and accountability, so it is important that they be taken literally since the pressures in development policy push overwhelmingly for lower expectations rather than higher. National governments and international donors not wanting to be held accountable for their role in poverty reduction will always want to water down the Goals—particularly if achieving them requires increased budgetary commitments or major policy changes. In many countries the Goals are deemed “unrealistic” because they would require dramatic progress. Such statements should generally be met with skepticism. The practical steps to achieve the Goals in each country can and should be diagnosed, planned, and implemented with the proper focus and actions, combined with suitable support from the international community.

Many of the services and investments required to meet the Goals need to be delivered by provincial or local authorities. This applies particularly to cities where municipalities are responsible for providing urban services and infrastructure and upgrading slums. To this end the Goals should be “localized”—that is, translated into operational objectives for the level of government that will bear primary responsibility for their achievement. This is important both for linking program management as closely as possible to the intended beneficiaries and for translating large-scale national goals into more manageable pieces that communities can own and pursue for themselves. (p. 58)

Enterprises transform scientific and technological knowledge into goods and services.

Any national strategy to achieve the Millennium Development Goals needs to include a clear framework for private sector growth. For their own part, private enterprises can contribute directly to the Goals through core pursuits such as increasing productivity and job creation or seeking opportunities for service delivery

through public-private partnerships. In all these activities, companies need to adhere to high standards of responsible corporate governance and citizenship. (p.137).

The 2002 Monterrey Consensus included specific reference to the private sector as partners in poverty reduction: “23. While Governments provide the framework for their operation, businesses, for their part, are expected to engage as reliable and consistent partners in the development process. We urge businesses to take into account not only the economic and financial but also the developmental, social, gender and environmental implications of their undertakings. In that spirit, we invite banks and other financial institutions, in developing countries as well as developed countries, to foster innovative developmental financing approaches. We welcome all efforts to encourage good corporate citizenship and note the initiative undertaken in the United Nations to promote global partnerships.“24. We will support new public/private sector financing mechanisms, both debt and equity, for developing countries and countries with economies in transition, to benefit in particular small entrepreneurs and small and medium-size enterprises and infrastructure. Those public/private initiatives could include the development of consultation mechanisms between international and regional financial organizations and national Governments with the private sector in both source and recipient countries as a means of creating business-enabling environments.”

See also “Pro Life Pro Development” in business practices. Policy 33. Biotech tropicana Systems.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

National strategies to achieve the Millennium Development Goals require the support and involvement of civil society organizations (CSOs), who play a role quite different from the other stakeholders in development. They represent important segments of the population in a manner distinct from government as they directly reflect—and respond to—the needs of a broad range of communities.1 Within countries, CSOs can contribute to MDG-based poverty reduction strategies in at least four ways: publicly advocating for pressing development concerns, helping design strategies to meet each target, working with governments to implement scaled-up investment programs, and monitoring and evaluating efforts to achieve the Goals. Internationally, CSOs can also mobilize and build public awareness around the Goals, share best practices and technical expertise with governments, and deliver services directly. CSOs have been engaged in some or all of these activities for many years. Here we highlight how their activities can be channeled to help reach the Goals. But to do so, they need political freedom, clear institutional roles, ways of partnering to implement programs, and in some cases, training and financial resources (chapter 7).

Investment in science, technology, and innovation education has been one of the most critical sources of economic transformation in the newly industrial countries. Such investment should be part of a larger framework to build capacities worldwide. The one common element of the East Asian success stories is the high level of commitment to education and economic integration within the countries. This strategy was a precursor to what have come to be known as knowledge societies (World Bank 2002). The commitment of the Republic of Korea to higher education suggests that spectacular results can be achieved in a few decades. These experiences are not limited to this region. The impact of education on local economies is also being recorded in less developed countries. Policy approaches to education, however, continue to generate considerable controversy in international development circles. (Juma et al; p 87; pp 114).

Higher education is increasingly being recognized as a critical aspect of the development process, especially with the growing awareness of the role of science, technology, and innovation in economic renewal. While primary and

secondary education have been at the focus of donor-community attention for decades, higher education has been viewed as essential to development only in more recent years. Today’s economic circumstances make higher education a more compelling need in developing countries than it has ever been. Key factors in this change include increased demand for higher education due to improved access to schooling, pressing local and national concerns that require advanced knowledge to address, and a global economy that favors participants with high-technological expertise Universities have immense potential to promote technological development. But most universities in developing countries are ill equipped to meet the challenge. Outdated curricula, undermotivated faculty, poor management, and a continuous struggle for funds have undermined the capacity of universities to play their roles as engines of community or regional development. Vocational and polytechnic institutes in developing countries are very important. Technologists, technicians, and craftspeople are the bedrock on which small and medium-size enterprises are founded, especially in operations and maintenance. Many developing countries have made the mistake of neglecting the training of technicians and technologists.

During the 1970s many engineering graduates left India to seek employment abroad. Others were underemployed as draftsmen. This underutilization of highly trained human resources took place at a time when India suffered from a critical shortage of skilled craftspeople, such as pattern makers and instrument technicians. This experience highlights both the importance of training technicians and technologists and the need to foster internal demand for engineers. Science and engineering courses continue to be unattractive to women even though the role of women in economic development is being recognized (box 6.2). Equipping women with the necessary scientific knowledge and technical skills needed for full employment is a critical aspect of the ability of developing. countries to participate in the global economy. Developing countries are starting to explore ways to expand higher education opportunities for women. This could be a critical starting point for receiving support to higher education from developing international development agencies, such as the World Bank. The need for training and capability building of technicians and technologists in developing countries has become even more acute with the advent of computer-aided design and drafting in engineering and construction industries. The proliferation of sophisticated computer-controlled machineries and instruments for manufacturing has also increased demand for technicians and technologists. These people are also needed in healthcare and banking. Developing countries should invest in and promote institutions that provide recognition and continuing professional development of technologists and technicians, institutions such as the Institution of Incorporated Engineers and the Institution of Technician Engineers in the United Kingdom.

A new view that places universities at the center for the development process is starting to emerge. This concept is also being applied at other levels of learning, such as colleges, research and technical institutes, and polytechnic schools. Universities and research institutes (including polytechnics) are now deeply integrated into the productive sector as well as society at large. Universities are starting to be viewed as a valuable resource for business and industry; universities can undertake entrepreneurial activities with the objective of improving regional or national economic and social performance.2 Others are charged with explicit reconstruction mandates (box 6.3). In facilitating the development of business and industrial firms, universities can contribute to economic revival and high-tech growth in their surrounding regions. There are many ways in which a university can get integrated into the

productive sector and into society at large. It can conduct R&D for industry; it can create its own spin-off firms; it can be involved in capital formation projects, such as technology parks and business incubator facilities; it can introduce entrepreneurial training into its curricula and encourage students to take research from the university to firms. It can also ensure that students become acquainted with problems faced by firms—through internships, forexample. Universities should also ensure that students also study the relationships between science, technology, innovation, and development, so that they are sensitive to societal needs. This approach is based on the strong interdependence of academia, industry, and government.3 Industry in the developed world has benefited from the activities of research universities, particularly from their state-of-the-art laboratories, which conduct cutting-edge research for them. Universities benefit from the research funds provided by industry. Many universities in developing countries serve merely as degree- or certificate-awarding institutions, providing the necessary documentation for thousands of young people to apply for jobs. Marginalized in the development process, these universities seek only to churn out graduates. Universities need to be re-envisioned as potentially powerful partners in the development process.

“Food production in developing countries relies heavily on technical support through agricultural extension services. Such support, however, is not widely provided. The Japanese government is starting to incorporate such support in its development assistance to Indonesia as part of a joint effort to strengthen the country’s industrial clusters (KRI International Corporation 2004). Knowledge extension can be applied to help meet the Goals using science, engineering, and technology in many ways. ICT can be used to match people with knowledge with people who need that knowledge. However, it must not be forgotten that tacit knowledge is a fundamental part of the ability to solve problems, and this type of knowledge can be deployed only face to face. Industry extension services will need to ensure that people can interact both physically and virtually. Establishing a virtual center—one that ties into the many existing extension and engineering centers around the world—is an exciting prospect that could bring knowledge to places that badly need it. Compiling knowledge of best practices into freely accessible databases would be another way to use ICT to diffuse technology and encourage its appropriate adoption in developing countries.

Standards and technical regulations are a set of technical specifications that describe the characteristics of a product, a service, a process, or a material (Lall and Pietrobelli 2003). The use of standards reduces transactions costs, information asymmetries, and uncertainty between buyers and sellers with respect to quality and technical characteristics. Standards and technical regulations provide many benefits to producers and consumers, not the least of which is their information value. In order to protect human health, for example, foodstuffs are required to meet sanitary and phytosanitary standards. Other benefits from standards and technical regulations include those that can be attributed to enhanced competition and economies of scale. When production can be standardized, components can be produced more efficiently around the world. These standards also accelerate the spread of best practice and innovation, especially to small and medium-size enterprises.

National efforts alone are not sufficient. Meeting the Goals requires a special global effort to build scientific and technological capacities in the poorest countries—and to direct research and development toward specific challenges facing the poor. The interoperability challenges are often associated with heterogeneity in legislation, which can hamper technological innovation (box 5.6). (Sachs et al; px; pp xx)

One of the most significant developments in the structure of the globalized economy is a network involving partnering activities. These networks are products of complex inter linkages among a wide range of enterprises, links that are designed to reduce the risks associated with the development of new products and facilitate the exchange of information. These partnering arrangements help provide sources of financing through licensing and upfront fees for R&D expenses, reimbursement of expenses for partnered products and services, royalties, profits, and

other “success fees” associated with the achievement of certain milestones. Such arrangements are particularly important in areas with limited access to other forms of financing, such as venture capital. Even where venture capital is available, these arrangements still serve an important risk-reducing function.

Partnering activities are naturally more concentrated in the industrial countries, but these arrangements are being extended to developing countries, especially in agricultural biotechnology. Similar arrangements could be conone way to achieve commercialization of R&D. Forward-looking economic policies have tended to improve conditions for private enterprise in general in recent years, allowing countries with large market potential like China and India to enjoy rapid growth in the private sector. These countries took steps to liberalize their economies and strengthen protection of intellectual property rights in order to create incentives for foreign direct investment. International

collaboration between companies may also help foster private sector growth in developing countries (box 8.8).

Recently, Genematrix, an early-stage Korean biotechnology company, entered into a collaborative agreement with Variagenics, a U.S.–based pharmacogenetics company. Through this partnership, Genematrix hopes to gain expertise in applying pharmacogenomics to all phases of drug and diagnostic development. Variagenics will benefit from Genematrix’s genomic data from targeted Asian populations. (p 128; pp 162).

The scientific, technological, and engineering community and the associated institutions (universities, technical institutes, professional associations) are among the most critical resources for economic transformation. They deserve special policy attention. A disturbing global trend is the decline in enrollment in engineering courses in universities and institutions of higher learning, especially in developed countries, where some engineering departments have closed. To meet the shortage of engineers and scientists, developed countries recruit from developing countries. Ironically, developing countries are putting their scarce resources into education and training that benefits the developed world. Developing countries’ ability to absorb scientists and engineers is limited due to their early stage of development. But highly educated human resources can attract foreign firms interested in investing in science, technology, and innovation in the developing country. Expatriates have helped establish small and medium-size enterprises by investing in their country of origin, often using technology acquired abroad, and they are involved in establishing joint enterprises between their home countries and adopted countries. Public policy and a dynamic business community facilitate these processes. Nevertheless, “brain drain” remains one of the most hotly debated international issues. The home country’s loss of skills—and educational investment—needs to be set against the experience gained abroad by scientists and professionals, which may be available for use upon their return if adequate measures toward that end are implemented (see chapter 8 for further discussion on the diaspora).

The international mobility of skilled people is one of the key mechanisms for the transition of technological capability across countries. To use this mechanism effectively, countries need to design institutions that enable them to use the skills of their nationals wherever they live. Such institutional arrangements need to rely on a commitment to international cooperation and partnerships. (Juma et al; p.91; pp 118).

Successful development of infrastructure services to meet the Goals requires mobilizing the energies of the engineering profession. Most national institutions of engineers have worldwide memberships. Members in developing countries include both expatriate and local engineers. Their nonprofit organizations include Engineers Against Poverty and Registered Engineers for Disaster Relief in the United Kingdom and Engineers without Borders in the United States and Canada. Many young and women engineers are the movers and shakers in these organizations. Much more could be done to spread these voluntary service organizations worldwide. The United Nations and its 86 specialized agencies should consider how they might capitalize on and reinforce these networks, particularly through their global organization, the World Federation of Engineering Organisations. In planning and implementing any Goal project, including infrastructure projects, efforts should be made to harness the enthusiasm and drive of young professionals, many of whom are looking for an opportunity to serve the developing world (box 5.5).In the current knowledge economy, a large number of young professionals in both the developed and developing world have become captains of cutting-edge industries in ICT and other emerging technologies. Solidarity has always been strong among young people: knowledgeable young people, in developed and developing countries alike can surely be mobilized in an orderly way to provide help for development, following the leading example of Médicins san Frontières. Such a group could become a major force harnessing science, technology, and innovation for development. (Juma et al; p 88; pp 122)

Technology incubators are a special type of business incubator that focuses on new ventures that employ advanced technologies (box 7.1). Although technology incubators share the same general goals as business incubators, they focus more on the commercialization and diffusion of technology by new firms, both of which are often impeded by market and institutional failures and the high level of uncertainty associated with technology development. Commercialization and diffusion of technology increases the return from public investment.

Technology incubators help create high-tech companies. Unlike basic business incubators, they have the mission of turning innovative ideas into successful business. They provide an environment for prototyping and test-marketing

FACT: The contribution to development of the Biotech tropicana Systems starts with the internal development of Biotech tropicana Systems.

The Biotech tropicana Systems are a knowledge driven economy. This principle is reflected in all aspects of work in the Biotech tropicana Systems: from exploration and data collection, innovation and technology development, to process and technology implementation and commercialization. A major contribution of the Biotech tropicana Systems to the development of the developing world lied the ability of the company to create solutions to development challenges and to use those solutions to make profit. Where developing world governments failed to create conditions for the private sector to operate, the Biotech tropicana Systems maintain internal capacities to create those conditions for local communities and to use these conditions to advance its business interests. The ability of the Biotech tropicana Systems to innovate market solutions for the marketing of its technological innovations make the company very competitive and a daunting nightmare for competitor who lack these abilities. We even fund and support weaker “competitors” where the activities of the “pseudo competitors” will generate data that further reinforce our concept; thereby confirming our position of leadership in the area of Biotechnology for the developing world.

Programs of the Biotech tropicana Systems are designed to operate at community level from the private sector, but opened to contracted public-private partnerships. Years of experience working in communities of the developing world teach us that community level governments are weak; knowledge, technical and financial capacities are often centralized, leaving the weak community governments opened to corruption and manipulation by external interest groups. Consistent with the Biotech tropicana Systems implementation approach to prevent problems and avoid wasting time and resources in counterproductive disputes, all internal capacities of the Biotech tropicana Systems are conceived to be mobile. We can quickly remove our working capacity from a bad governed community to a well government community with zero to minimal lost the company; to focus on making profit and contributing to development and not waste our time and resources to produce negative development gains at the expense of the image of the company.

In every country that wants to achieve the Goals, particularly those with basic conditions of stability and good governance, the starting assumption should be that they are feasible unless technically proven otherwise. In many of the poorest countries, the Goals are indeed ambitious, but in most or even all countries they can still be achieved by 2015 if there are intensive efforts by all parties—

The CONCEPT NOTES is a section of the Development Forum program of the Biotech tropicana Systems. Design of the program is in progress. The program was designed to be implemented under the Biotech tropicana,IncCOMMUNICATOR unit. However in light of the growing in size and importance, upon completion of the design phase, the Development Forum will be incubated as an independent unit of the Biotech tropicana Systems.

The Millennium development goals adopted by head of states and governments ARE A DIFFERENT CONCEPT from the Millennium project developed by an independent advisory scientific body. The distinction in roles between politics and sciences are a major innovation in global development strategies. To protect its science based technological innovations form absurd outcomes due to science illiteracy mixing the Biotech tropicana Systems set strict policies that limit mixing to cleat cut contracts of collaborations and partnerships with protocols clearly specifying the responsibilities of each party.

The UN Millennium Project, like the WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health during 2000–01, determined that the scarcity of financial resources is a critical constraint to scaling up these known and proven interventions in the poorest countries. Increased financing, linked to effective governance structures in low-income countries, can produce dramatic results. Fortunately, what is crushingly expensive for the poorest of the poor is shockingly inexpensive for the rich. Thus, increases in official development assistance totalling only a few tenths of one percent of donor-country income, if properly directed and integrated into national poverty reduction strategies, can reduce child mortality substantially. The same effect is true in other dimensions of poverty including hunger, lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation, slum conditions in urban areas, or lack of schooling. Importantly, interventions to reduce one dimension of poverty almost invariably assist in reducing other dimensions.

Well governed Official Development Assistance (ODA) has proven its effectiveness in keeping well governed developing countries on track toward sustainable development. However, many developing countries will stuck in poverty traps seeking, more aid that comes with conditions set forth by the donor.

The Monterrey consensus on development financing: the pledge to reach 0·7% of their income in official development assistance.

In March, 2002, governments worldwide adopted the Monterrey consensus at the International Conference on Financing for Development, which strengthened the global partnership needed to achieve MDGs. In essence, the international community recognised the need for a new partnership of rich and poor countries based on good governance and expanded trade, aid, and debt relief, especially to help finance the infrastructure and human capital needed to attract private investment. Donor countries committed to providing the necessary resources by reaffirming their pledge to reach 0·7% of their income in official development assistance, compared with the current developed world average of about 0·25% of gross national product (GNP).

The Biotech tropicana Systems, a private biotech company strictly commits 0.7% of its profits to its SMARToda program to help the resource poor communities in building enterprise development and ownership skills, as part of its contribution to the Monterrey consensus in promoting public-private partnerships. Policy 3. Biotech tropicana Systems

[1] Sachs et al; UN Millennium Project. 2005. Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals. New York.